Q: Quellen/ Primary and secondary sources. Archivalien ohne Ortsangabe: stets Stadtarchiv Bielefeld/ Archival Records without indication of place: ever City Archives of Bielefeld.

KB: Kirchenbuch/ church records.

Ksp.: Kirchspiel/ parish (often for several villages).

Müller I, Müller II: Friedrich Müller, Westfälische Auswanderer im 19. Jh., Auswanderung aus dem Regierungsbezirk Minden, Teil I, (1816-1900), Erlaubte Auswanderung/ legal emigration (Beiträge zur westfälischen Familienforschung, Bd. 38/39, 1980/81). Dito, Teil II: Heimliche Auswanderung (1814-1900) /clandestine emigration, Bd. 47/48, 1989/90.

Zimmermann/Wolfert I, Zimmermann/Wolfert II: German Immigrants, List of Passengers Bound from Bremen to New York, ed. G. J. Zimmermann/ M. Wolfert, T. I (1847-1854), T. II (1855-1862), Baltimore 1985/86.

Amt (Heepen, Schildesche etc.): rural administration district.

Ackerer/Ackersmann: farm worker.

Ackerknecht: farmhand. Bei Nr. 28 Jöllenbeck or Nr. 17 Heepen: The farms in a village have numbers, beginning with the oldest one. "Bei Nr. X" means, that the emigrant is not living in the farmhouse of number X, but in an other smaller house of the farm as Heuerling or brother of the farm's heir.

Bürgerkrieg: American Civil War.

Canton I-V Bielefeld: suburban parts of the city, not yet villages of Kreis Bielefeld, see Feldmark.

Commis: commercial trainee.

Einjähriger Freiwilliger: one-year military volunteer after 6 years of German Gymnasium.

Erbpächter: hereditary leaseholder.

Feldmark Bielefeld: formerly common field land around the city, in 19th century "Canton I-V", populated gradually.

Genannt (placed after a family name) indicates a second family name; if a man married a woman who was the heiress of a farm, he received the farm's name, too.

Heuerling: tenant farmer, sharecropper; rents a cottage and a few acres of a Kolon, works for him a number of days; in addition he works at home as a spinner or a weaver.

Justizrat: former honorary title of an attorney.

Kolon: a landowning peasant.

Konfirmation/ Konfirmand: protestant confirmation/ confirmand, normally at the age of 14.

Konsens: official permission to emigrate.

Kreis (Bielefeld etc.) or Landkreis, Abrev.: Krs.: administrative rural area like an American County.

Neubauer: recent small landowner who normally has debts to the former owner and to the Prussian government. Retour: back (to Bielefeld).

Sezessionskrieg: American Civil War.

Synagogenbuch: Register of the Jewish community.

S.o./s.u: see above, see below.

Verehelichte (Meyer): married (to Mister Meyer).

Verwitwet: widowed.

Zeitpächter: leaseholder for a limited time.